Thermoelectric device with make-before-break high frequency converter

ABSTRACT

An improved circular multi-element semiconductor thermoelectric hybrid utilizes a make-before-break high frequency switching output component to provide nominal alternating current voltage outputs. Overall efficiency of heat conversion is improved by coupling a chiller to the thermoelectric generator where exhaust heat produces chilled liquid or air that is conveyed to the cold side of the thermoelectric device. The thermoelectric generator is used in a variety of transportation vehicles including manufactured vehicles, retrofitted vehicles and vehicle power combinations.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/517,882 entitled “Thermoelectric Device With Make-Before-Break HighFrequency Converter” filed Sep. 8, 2006; which was filed as acontinuation-in-part of:

-   1. then pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/154,757, filed    May 23, 2002, entitled “Torus Semiconductor Thermoelectric device”    that was published Nov. 27, 2003;-   2. then pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/259,922 entitled    “Solid State Thermoelectric Power Converter” filed Oct. 28, 2005;    and-   3. then pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/364,719 entitled    “Bismuth-Tellurium and Antimony-Tellurium-Based Thermoelectric    Chiller” filed Mar. 1, 2006.    This application also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 from U.S.    patent application Ser. No. 13/374,129 entitled “Solid State    Thermoelectric Power Converter” that was filed Dec. 13, 2011; which    is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/259,922 filed    Oct. 28, 2005 and entitled “Solid State Thermoelectric Power    Converter” that issued Jan. 24, 2012 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,101,846;    which was filed as a continuation-in-part of then pending U.S.    patent application Ser. No. 10/154,757 entitled “Torus Semiconductor    Thermoelectric Device” that was filed May 23, 2002, and published    Nov. 27, 2003.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a circular array of semiconductor andconductive elements that comprise a thermoelectric device. Energygenerated by a temperature differential between hot and cold fins of thethermoelectric device is more efficiently converted to electrical energyby a high frequency switching component that utilizes make-before-breakcircuits that maintain current flow in a ring of thermoelectriccomponents. Fuel efficiency is improved by insulating a reflecting coverover the burner unit. Improved energy conversion efficiency is obtainedby combining a chiller unit with the thermoelectric device taking theexcess heat from the burner to produce cold air or liquid and using thecold air or liquid to cool the cold fins of the thermoelectric device.Conversion of solar energy to electrical energy is improved by storingsolar heat and then as needed using the stored heat to generateelectricity using the thermoelectric generator. In addition to usualelectrical energy uses, energy from the sun or other sources can be usedfor desalting sea water using a thermoelectric chiller. Efficiency ofdesalinization is improved by freezing pure water, expelling excessconcentrated salt water, then recovering some of the energy of the heatof fusion of ice by reversing the current direction and using themelting ice to cool the hot fins side of the chiller thermoelectric.

BACKGROUND ART

Thermoelectric devices have been used for many years for specificapplications where the simplicity of design warrants their use despite alow energy conversion efficiency.

The voltage produced by a thermoelectric device depends on the Seebeckvoltage of the dissimilar metals used. Seebeck voltages are higher forsome semiconductor materials especially n-type and p-type elements madeprimarily of mixtures bismuth, tellurium, and antimony.

To compete with more traditional forms of heat to electricity conversionthermoelectric devices must be as efficient as possible. A preferredmeans to achieve such high efficiency is to arrange the thermoelectricelement in a circle with only a very small region used to extract theenergy produced by the thermoelectric elements. Patent PCT/US97/07922 toSchroeder discloses such a circular arrangement. Art teaching in thiscase focused on 3 means to extract energy for the high current in thering of elements: 1—a vibrating mechanical switch; 2—a Hall effectgenerator and; 3—a Colpits oscillator. Coatings of hot and cold elementsof the thermoelectric device are claimed for selenium, tellurium andantimony among others but not for mixtures of these elements.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,242 to Konishi, et al., discloses semiconductormaterial of the formula AB.sub.2, X.sub.4 where A is one of or a mixtureof Pb, Sn, or Ge, B is one of or a mixture of Bi and Sb and X is one ofor a mixture of Te and Se. These represent Pb, Sn or Ge doped bismuthtelluride.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,274,802 to Fukuda, describes a sintering method ofmaking semiconductor material whose principle components includebismuth, tellurium and selenium and antimony.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,787 to Simeray discloses a thermoelectric componentof bismuth doped with antimony and bismuth tellurium doped seleniumwherein said component is arranged into a rod. Very low voltages areconverted using a self-oscillating circuit.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,427 describes the use of a thermoelectric device onthe exhaust portion of a combustion-based car using electrically drivenwheel wherein excess heat energy is converted to electric power for thevehicle.

It is a purpose if this invention to provide improved efficiency for theconversion of heat energy to electrical energy by making use of n-dopedand p-doped semiconductors attached to metal heat-conducting elements ina circular arrangement of thermoelectric components.

It is a further purpose of this invention to provide a high efficiencyof transmission of energy contained in a thermoelectric ring to ACcurrent at desired voltages utilizing a make-before-break high frequencyswitching circuit.

Another purpose of this invention is to improve the efficiency of saidthermoelectric device by combining it with a chiller. Excess heat fromthe thermoelectric is transferred to the chiller where it is convertedto cold air or liquid. The cold air or liquid is then transported to thecold fins of the thermoelectric device where by lowering the temperatureof the cold fins increases the voltage for a given heating arrangement.

It is also a purpose of this invention to provide an efficient device toconvert a variety of heat sources to electricity.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

To illustrate this invention figures are drawn to show components of afew implementations of the invention. It should be understood that thesefigures do not in any way limit this invention as described in theclaims.

The invention comprises a heat source, a plurality of thermoelectriccoupons arranged in a ring, and a make-before-break high frequencyswitching means for extracting electrical energy from said ring. Energyis produced in the form of current circling through a plurality ofcoupons. This current is induced when hot and cold fins of thethermoelectric coupons are respectfully heated or cooled or allowed tocool in the case of cold fins. The term coupon is used herein toidentify the combination of a hot fin, a cold fin and constituentsattached thereto. Multiple coupons are assembled to make a ring. Thering conformation is important in reducing losses that would otherwiseoccur if a conductor were used to electrically connect ends of a lineararray of coupons.

The heat source can be any of a myriad of combustible materials such asgasses of hydrogen, methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc, liquids suchas gasoline, kerosene or crude oil, and solids such as wood, used tires,straw and other biomass materials and coal. In addition the heat neededfor electricity production can come from concentrated sunlight. Wasteheat from other combustion activities can also be used. For example fluegasses combusted from chemical processing of organic materials can becombusted in a thermoelectric generator providing electrical energy forthe processing plant.

For several means used to generate heat, the hot gasses are passed overthe hot fins to heat them. In a preferred embodiment gas or liquid iscombusted directly under the hot fins. In a preferred configuration thehot fins project inward with regard to a circle or ring of coupons andthe hot gas is passed through or combustion occurs adjacent to the hotfins.

In another preferred embodiment the rate of fuel combustion iscontrolled to match the electrical demand of the thermoelectric device.

In the case of gas or liquid being combusted near the hot fins infraredradiation which passes through or is given off from the hot fins isradiated back on the hot fins by a reflective metallic dome.

In another preferred embodiment the reflective dome is backed by aninsulating layer.

In one form of the invention an opening is made in the top reflectingdome to allow hot gas to escape.

A preferred embodiment of the invention is to combine a chiller with thethermoelectric device. Hot gases escaping from the thermoelectric deviceare conveyed or allowed to move into the chiller. The chiller uses thehot gas to produce cold air or liquid. The cold air or liquid is thendirected back to the cold fins of the thermoelectric device. By coolingthe cold fins the temperature differential between the hot fins and coldfins is increased producing greater voltage in each coupon and thereforemore energy to be extracted from the thermoelectric portion of thecombined system.

A unique method is used to extract energy from the high current flowingin the thermoelectric device. An insulator is used to force current intoa means for extracting electrical energy. This insulator is placebetween any two coupons. On each side of the insulator is a conductorwhich extends outward from the ring of coupons. The conductor is dividedin half with one half being wound around the center core of atransformer in one direction and the other half being wound in theopposite direction. To control current flow in one or the otherdirection MOSfet switches are inserted in the circuit of the primarywinding taken from the ring of coupons. The number of switches employedin parallel is determined by the maximum amount of current generated inthe ring and depends on the capacity of the MOSfet switches.

In a preferred embodiment a pulse-width modulator chip is used tocontrol the MOSfet switches. If a simple oscillating circuit is usedoptimum power is not obtained. If the pulse-width modulator is not usedvery high spikes of current are induced in the primary and secondary.Such spikes would adversely affect electric devices that use thesecondary voltage outputs.

Secondary windings in the outer portion of said transformer producedesired output AC voltages. The number of windings needed depends on thecurrent in the ring and the efficiency of extracting that energy. Thenumber of windings needed can be determined by those skilled in theelectronic arts.

Conversion of heat to electricity is improved in a closed loopthermoelectric device by utilizing a combination of n-type and p-typesemiconductors. These produce a high Seebeck effect thereby producing ahigher voltage output for a given thermal differential.

Tight junctions, very low levels of contaminating elements and specialsurfaces are required to produce a uniform device for high levels ofconversion of heat to electrical energy.

Getting alternating current energy out of a circle of thermoelectricelements or coupons requires special conversion components. An importantcomponent involved in the extraction of electrical energy is amake-before-break control circuit, which prevents damaging high voltagespikes during current switching. This feature also allows the very highcurrent in the ring to continue uninterrupted.

The device disclosed herein has greater conversion efficiency than thetraditional systems currently in use, such as a steam generator.

This thermoelectric device is very quiet when naming thus providing anopportunity to replace noisy gas driven implements and appliances. Thebasic device has only one mechanical component, a fan that coolselectrical components and the cold fins.

To provide these benefits details are given for making and using asimple circular collection of coupons. Each coupon is made byalternating a cold fin that is a metal fin to be cooled or allowed to becooled, a p-type semi conductor, then a hot fin, that is a fin to beheated, then a n-type semiconductor. Such coupons are place in registry,that is cold fin, p-type, hot fin, n-type, cold fin, p-type, hot fin,n-type and so on until a circle is completed. When the fins are madeflat in the region connected to the semiconductor conducting wedgepieces are added to produce continuity to the circle. A single insulatoris placed in the circle across which current is removed as desired. Avoltage is produced when hot fins are heated. This voltage isproportional to the temperature differential between heated hot fins andcold fins and the number of coupons. For some applications the voltageproduced is used directly. To produce alternating current a controllerdevice controls switches. These govern opposite currents in amakebefore-break fashion for current loops that have been placed acrossthe insulator. Loop windings around the central stem of a ferrite E-coreallow secondary windings around the same stem to produce desired voltageat the frequency of the switching. Primary current loops, switches,controller circuit, and secondary windings comprise an up-converter.

For clarity of the disclosure and definition of the claims the followingterms are defined:

“Semiconductor” means: a mixture of one or more elements that has theproperty of allowing either electrons or holes to move through themixture depending on whether the mixture has an excess n-type or p-typedopant. The semiconductor nature of thermoelectric wafers is wellestablished in the thermoelectric literature.

“Fin” means: an elongated metal slab with optional tapered ends whichare connected on one side to an n-type semiconductor and on the otherside to a p-type semiconductor or optionally connected on either side toa conductive wedge.

“Cold fin” means: a fin to be cooled or a fin to be allowed to cool.“Hot fin” means: a fin that is to be heated.

“Coupon” means a repeating component of the thermoelectric device madeup of at least one n-type semiconductor, one hot fin, one p-typesemiconductor, and one cold fin. In the device having a conductive wedgecomponent with each set of fins and semiconductors a coupon includes thewedge component.

“Kester's solder” means: lead free solder paste containing tin, copperand silver.

“Belleville disk spring” means: deflecting washer that maintainsconstant compressive pressure through thermal expansion and contractionof other members.

“Wafer” means: an n-type or p-type semiconductor made in the shape ofthin slab where the thickness of the shortest dimension is from 1% to20% of the either of the other dimensions.

“Wafer side” means: the surface area denoted by the larger dimension ofa wafer.

“Wafer edge” means: the surface area denoted by the smallest dimensionand one or the other dimensions.

Before describing how to produce components of the invention figures areprovided that illustrate such a working version. Examples are intendedto illustrate the basic principles and elements of the device and is inno way intended to limit the scope of the invention as described in theclaims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a p-type and an n-type, crystalline wafer.

FIG. 2 illustrates a cold fin, a hot fin, a p-type crystalline wafer andan n-type crystalline wafer along with a conductive wedge that comprisea coupon of the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates the final positions of the elements of the coupon.

FIG. 4 illustrates the assembled thermoelectric ring, made up of 62coupons.

FIG. 5 illustrates how a strap fits around the top portion of the ringto compress the elements by the tensioning of the strap with a bolt aswell as a temperature-sensing center piece.

FIG. 6 illustrates a cross section of a gas or liquid combustion versionof the thermoelectric generator invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates an air cooled generator with an air blower open tothe top and driven by motor.

FIG. 8 illustrates an air-source water harvesting system cooled by achiller powered by a thermoelectric device.

FIG. 9 illustrates an up-converter, which allows alternating current tobe obtained from the low voltage, high current ring.

FIG. 10 illustrates the nature of the output voltage in the current modeup-converter compared to non-inverted drive signals.

FIG. 11 illustrates the nature of the secondary windings of theup-converter.

FIG. 12 illustrates five separate windings with separate full-wavebridge rectifiers.

FIG. 13 illustrates a preferred output of four secondary high voltagewindings and one low voltage winding.

FIG. 14 illustrates a preferred embodiment using pulse width modulator.

FIG. 15 illustrates a 3-phase output arrangement that is realized byadding two additional MOSfet switches to the H-bridge.

FIG. 16 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the output signalprocessing for simplicity and reliability.

FIG. 17 shows another preferred embodiment where devices utilize powerfrom a self-excited means using ring current.

FIG. 18 shows another preferred embodiment where the circuit isinitiated by manual means.

FIG. 19 illustrates a control system for generator and applications.

FIG. 20 illustrates another variant that uses a pressurized air supplyblower and a pressurized fuel supply.

FIG. 21 illustrates a means to achieve fuel modulation by electroniccontrol for bus voltage.

FIG. 22 diagrams a preferred control system configured to shut down theair-fuel mixture valves but continues powering a tooling fan.

FIG. 23 illustrates a generator-absorption chiller hybrid that uses athermoelectric device as a power supply for the chiller.

FIG. 24 illustrates a means that allows the small generator to operateas if it had much larger capacity.

FIG. 25 illustrates a closed circuit solar collecting system thatfocuses solar heat on a target and transfers heat to a store that isthen used to operate a generator.

FIG. 26 illustrates a motorized target system that stirs gas andtransfers heat to a store.

FIG. 27 illustrates a supplemental means for heating the heat storeduring overcast days.

FIG. 28 illustrates how a supplemental heating means is connected toheat store.

FIG. 29 illustrates a means of circulating heated gas from a heat storethrough a thermoelectric generator.

FIG. 30 shows a thermoelectric generator that uses vertical fins withbuilt-in fans that is mounted onto a heat store.

FIG. 31 illustrates a gas flow system through an insulated heat storewith baffles and insulated cover.

FIG. 32 illustrates an insulated heat store system with attachedgenerator.

FIG. 33 illustrates a system comprising heat store operating with athermoelectric generator electrically powering a solid state chiller andoperating appliances in a closed system.

FIG. 34 illustrates a method of converting standard thermoelectricgenerator to operate with hot gas as a generator or as a chiller coolinga gas stream when current is circulated in the ring.

FIG. 35 illustrates a conversion method that allows for standardthermoelectric generators to operate with hot gas as a generator or as achiller to chill a gas stream when current is circulated in the ring.

FIG. 36 illustrates a means of solar powering a fanjet engine with asolar heated ceramic fragment heat store.

FIG. 37 illustrates the use of a high efficiency thermoelectricgenerator device to power an electric motor that connects to the driveshaft of an automobile.

FIG. 38 illustrates the use of heat stored in ceramic fragments to drivea conveyance using a thermoelectric generator wherein wheel brakingenergy is conserved using resistance heating in the heat store.

FIG. 39 illustrates a hybrid vehicle having both a heat reservoir sourceand dedicated thermoelectric generator and in addition a secondthermoelectric generator that burns liquid fuel.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

To illustrate details of this invention figures are drawn to showcomponents of a few implementations of the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates a typical p-type 1 and an n-type 2, crystallinewafer. The method of making these wafers is described below. In apreferred embodiment these wafers are replaced by direct application ofthe n-type or the p-type semiconductor material directly on either thehot fin or the cold fin.

FIG. 2 illustrates a cold fin 3, a hot fin 4, a p-type crystalline wafer1 and an n-type crystalline wafer 2 along with a conductive wedge 5 thatcomprises a coupon 6 of this invention. FIG. 2 illustrates an explodedview of the elements of the coupon 6 and the relative position eachelement will occupy when assembled as a complete coupon. N-type wafer 2is soldered to hot fin 4 and on the other side to conductive wedge 5.P-type wafer 1 is soldered to cold fin 3 on one side and to hot fin 4 onthe other side. In a preferred embodiment the solder paste is Kester'ssolder having and additional amount of 4% silver added and it is appliedin the region of contact between the semiconductor wafer and the hotfin, cold fin and wedge. It should be understood that reversing relativepositions of wafer 1 and wafer 2 creates an electronically equivalentdevice.

FIG. 3 illustrates a cold fin 3, a hot fin 4, a p-type crystalline wafer1 and an n-type crystalline wafer 2 along with a conductive wedge 5 thatcomprise a assembled coupon 6 of this invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a final arrangement of the elements of the coupons 6in FIG. 3. In a preferred embodiment sixty-two of these coupons completea thermoelectric ring. This number can be varied depending on theoperating voltage desired. The Seebeck voltage also effects how muchvoltage is produced for a give temperature differential between the hotand cold fins. It should be understood that the cold fins need not bedirected at 90 degrees to the hot fins. Furthermore it is possible tofashion the shape of either the hot fin or the cold fin or both topreclude the need for the conductive wedge component. In a preferredembodiment Kester's solder containing an additional 4% silver is appliedto each side of each coupon except where the coupon is adjacent to aninsulator component of the ring.

FIG. 5 illustrates the assembled thermoelectric ring 7, made up of 62coupons of FIG. 3, along with two special cold fins 8 and 9. One ofthese is an extra cold fin used to allow a cold fin rather than a hotfin for connection to the up-converter. These cold fins are separated byan insulator preferably a mica insulator, 10. The purpose of the specialcold fins and mica is to provide terminals for up-converter connections.The mica insulator breaks the electrical circuit of the ring and allowsthe current produced by the ring to flow into the center tap of theup-converter's primary winding in the direction the control circuitdirects. In FIG. 5, the cold fin 3, the p-type wafer 1, the hot fin 4,the n-type wafer 2, and the conductive wedge 5 can be seen in theirassembled position, like coupons repeating all the way around the ringwith the single interruption of the substitution of two cold fins 8 and9 separated by insulator 10. FIG. 5 illustrates how the strap 11 fitsaround the top portion of the ring to compress the elements by thetensioning of the strap with bolt 12. The tension on the strap, andlikewise the compression of the elements is maintained at operatingtemperatures as well as at ambient temperature by a series of Bellvillewashers 13. Compression is maintained at approximately 100 pounds on thestrap 11. In FIG. 5, ceramic part 14 is placed into the center of thering of hot fins 4 with a temperature sensor to monitor the temperatureat the hot fins and to allow for shutdown of heat input should thetemperature rise above that tolerated by the semiconductor elements.Other types of spring systems can be used in place of Bellville washers.

FIG. 6 illustrates a cross section of a gas or liquid combustion versionof thermoelectric generator invention. Fifteen shows a burner bowl withattached perforated metal 16 that holds a screen 17. This serves toprevent incoming air-fuel mixture from combusting before entering thecombustion chamber. Inlet pipe 18 allows the air-fuel mixture to enterthe burner bowl. Support ring 19, an insulator, lifts the generator ringso that burner pipe 18 can pass underneath without having to shorten anyof the cooling fins 3. Twenty is a top burner bowl with an exhaust hole21 that is attached to the ring 7. Twenty-two is a larger, outer bowlthat serves to give the welded-together, double-bowel combinationstructural integrity. This is important to maintain the thermoelectricring in a circle, thus preventing it from going egg-shaped and failingin the electrical conductivity mode. Welded together bowls 20 and 22 arebonded to ring 7 with room temperature vulcanizing rubber 23, such asGeneral Electric high temperature silicone adhesive. This material isalso used to attach the cold fins 3 to the supporting ring 19.Twenty-four is thermal insulation material to maintain bowl 20 hot and22 cool so as to radiate as much heat as possible from the burner screen17 back on the hot fins 4, thereby increasing power output for thegenerator. Twenty-five is one of four legs that raise the case 26 offthe floor so cooling air can exhaust from opening 27 freely. Legs 25secure the burner pipe 18 that connects fuel assembly 29 to burnernozzle 28 and the fuel hose 30 to the burner orifice 31. The purpose ofthe burner orifice 31 is to meter fuel to the burner at an adjustablefuel pressure and to cause air to enter burner pipe 18 at the correctair-fuel mixture. Also in FIG. 6 is shown the metal case 26, thatreduces electromagnetic interference of the high frequency aspects ofthe generator. Not shown is a means to ignite the fuel at the desiredplace. In a preferred embodiment an ignition spark means is located justabove screen 17. Alternatively the fuel can be initially ignitedmanually.

FIG. 7 illustrates a generator 32 with an air blower 33 open to the topand driven by motor 34. The motor is powered by an electronic circuitboard 35, that derives power from the up-converter 36 attached to thethermoelectric ring 7. Air enters the case 26 through blower 33 and isdirected towards the thermoelectric ring, flowing as a vortex, coolingthe electronic board 35 and up-converter 36 and finally exiting throughthe cold fins 3 and then through bottom hole 27 to the outside of case26.

FIGS. 1 through 7 illustrate a preferred form of this invention being atabletop type arrangement. It should be understood that the generalnature of the thermoelectric device can be fitted to many forms andsizes. For example the arrangement described can be made to be carriedin a back pack allowing the user to carry around a source of 120/240volt alternating current. Such a backpack would allow the use of toolsthat normally run on alternating current. Still smaller versions couldbe used to replace a battery pack. Such a backpack version could replacerechargeable batteries and be used with existing rechargeable batterytools.

In a preferred embodiment a hybrid thermoelectric device and mechanicaltool is constructed which comprises an electric motor to drive themechanical tool. An advantage of the hybrid tool is that feedback fromthe tool can be used to control the rate that fuel is burned. In anotherpreferred embodiment a general version of said hybrid tool has a uniformthermoelectric component that is fitted to a variety of mechanicalcomponents. This feature allows a single thermoelectric component to beexchanged among several tool types.

In another preferred embodiment a heat-powered absorption chiller iscombined with a thermoelectric generator. In this case the chiller isheated by the exhaust gas from the thermoelectric generator. In apreferred embodiment an exhaust fan is used to move exhaust gas to theabsorption chiller. Cold air or chilled fluid from the chiller is thentransported as needed for a variety of refrigeration purposes.

In another preferred embodiment all or a portion of chilled fluid fromthe absorption chiller is transferred to cool the cold fins. In oneimplementation cold fins are placed in an enclosed non-conductive ringbeing sealed where said cold fins enter the ring. Chilled liquid fromthe chiller passes into and out of the enclosed ring. In anotherpreferred embodiment a means is provided to allow some of the heat ofcombustion to be taken directly to the chiller without passing over hotfins. This feature allows the chiller to operate when there is littleneed for electricity generation.

FIG. 8 illustrates an air water harvesting system 37. This applianceoperates with a chiller thermoelectric hybrid, not shown, using some orall of the refrigeration effect to harvest water. This appliance canharvest water from the air for drinking purposes, sanitation, toirrigate lawns and even agriculture. Thirty-eight shows an air-inletpipe for the chill box 39, passing over outlet air in pipe 40. Thiscounter flow method conserves on overall chilling power that is needed.Forty one shows a pump that circulates chilled water to nozzle set 42,which sprays water chilled by the chiller through cooling loop 43 tofall and mix with incoming air from pipe 38. The chilled dropletscondense water from supersaturated air and deposit it with the finedroplets to the bottom of chill box 39 where it is re-circulated tonozzles 42, by pump 41. Forty-four is an air blower that pulls cooledair from chill box 39 and pushes it down through the outlet tube 40.Forty-five is a pump that removes harvested water and pushes it through46 which is an optional ultraviolet system to kill germs, then throughfilter 47 which removes any particulates before transferring the purewater to a storage tank not shown. Other means of sterilizing water maybe used. This water harvesting system can use most or any portion of theabsorption chiller thermoelectric hybrid chiller's capacity depending onthe priority for water, cooling for the living environment or to meetelectrical requirements. Chilled dry air exiting tube 40 can be ductedinto a home and used as air conditioning.

In another preferred embodiment a thermoelectrically powered absorptionchiller is used to provide chilling to an ice-making machine and an airdehumidifier, and water-harvesting machine. Refrigeration is provided toone or more of these appliances using a chilled fluid loop. Electricalpower to drive these appliances is provided from the thermoelectricgenerator portion of the thermoelectric-absorption chiller hybrid. Whenthe hybrid is used primarily for chilling purposes excess heat is wastedto the environment or used for another process such as heating abuilding, swimming pool or to dry agricultural products.

FIG. 9 illustrates the up-converter 36, which allows alternating currentto be obtained from the low voltage, high direct current of ring 7 inFIG. 4. The positive lead 9 of thermoelectric ring 7 connects to thecenter tap 48 of a two turn primary windings 49 and 50 around a ferritecore, 51. In the preferred embodiment the center tap of the two turnprimary winding is unbroken. Each end of the winding connects tonegative terminal, 52 of the ring 7 with MOSfet switches, 53 and 54. Acontroller, pulse-width modulator chip 55, controls the opening andclosing of the MOSfet switches, through inverted MOSfet drives, 56 a and56 b to make-before-break current paths back to the negative terminal52. To work properly, the MOSfet drives 56 a, 56 b have invertedoutputs, so as to allow the make-before-break feature. When the primarycircuit is in alternate make-before-break mode there is no stopping ofcurrent in the thermoelectric ring 7 therefore there is no need forcurrent rise time in ring 7 and therefore no inductive spike or loss ofpower output from the ring. The switching frequency is between 50,000and 200,000 Hertz. This prevents saturation of a ferrite core 51, aboutwhich the two-turn primaries 49 and 50 are oppositely wrapped.

FIG. 10 illustrates the nature of the output voltage in the current modeprescribed 57 compared to non-inverted drive signals 58. In thisinverted drive mode 57, the pulse width modulated control feature ismaintained by a compensation of magnetic field rather than aninterruption of magnetic field in the ferrite core 51 of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 illustrates the nature of the secondary windings 59 and 60. Inthe preferred embodiment multiple output AC voltages are obtained usingone or more secondary windings around the ferrite core 51. The centerstem of the ferrite core 51 has in addition to the primary windings,secondary multi-turn windings 59 so as to increase the output voltage ofthe secondary. For example, 40 turns of secondary winding 59 willproduce 120 volts when 3 volts is produced in the primary winding. In apreferred embodiment, in addition to the other secondary winding 60 isone or more windings on one outer leg of the ferrite core 51. To obtainthe desired output voltages, the number of turns in the secondary aroundthe outer stem of 51 requires two times more turns than if they werearound the center stem of 51 because field strength is only half that inthe center stem of the ferrite core. In preferred embodiment severalseparate windings are used to obtain isolated low voltage power sourcesfor electronic control circuits.

FIG. 12 illustrates five separate windings, 61 a, 61 b, 61 c, 61 d and61 e, with separate full-wave bridge rectifiers 62 a, 62 b, 62 c, 62 dand 62 e. The outputs of the bridge rectifiers input to separate+12-volt DC regulators, 63 a, 63 b, 63 c, 63 d and 63 e. In a preferredembodiment +12 volt DC regulators 63 a through e are used to driveseparate control functions that need to be isolated from one another.

FIG. 13 illustrates a preferred output of 4 secondary high voltageoutput windings 64 a, 64 b, 64 c, 64 d, and one low voltage secondarywinding 66. The low voltage output is used to supply power for controlcircuits. The output windings 64 a-d collect high frequency AC powerfrom the primary to secondary windings through the ferrite core 51,therefore each secondary winding 64 a-d is rectified by full wavebridges 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, and 67 d to produce 120 volt DC outputs. Fullwave bridge terminals are connected to obtain higher combined voltageoutputs. Terminal 69 is designated as earth ground. In a preferredembodiment the output between bridge rectifiers 67 b and 67 c is takento earth ground. Thus the voltage between earth ground and terminal 70is +120-volts DC. The output between earth ground and 65 is −120 DC.Output 69 or 71 can be designated as electronic ground for the controlsystem, or the ground for the control system can remain isolated, as theparticular circuit requires.

FIG. 14 illustrates a preferred embodiment using a pulse width modulator55 tuned to operate at 50 or 60 Hertz by RC elements 72. Outputs 73 aand 74 b drive individual opto-isolating, dual switches 75 a and 75 b.Each opto-isolator drives two MOSfet non-inverted drivers 76 a-d. Thepower supplies for these drivers are each isolated power supplies ofFIG. 12. The output of each MOSfet driver 76 a-d is connected to one of4 MOSfet switches, 77 a-d, arranged as an H-bridge. One terminal,between MOSfet switches 77 a and 77 c of the H-bridge is connected topass 120 volts AC through load 78 a to earth ground. The terminalbetween MOSfet switches 77 a and 77 d is the input from the +120 voltoutput of FIG. 13, bridge terminal 80. The terminal between MOSfetswitches 77 c and 77 b is the −120 volt terminal 65 of FIG. 13. In FIG.14, the 240-volt AC load terminals are between MOSfet switches 77 a and77 b and 77 c and 77 d. This arrangement drives a 240-volt AC load andtwo additional 120-volts AC loads 78 a and 78 b, each terminated atearth ground.

FIG. 15 illustrates a 3-phase output arrangement that is realized byadding two additional MOSfet switches to the H-bridge and theappropriate 3-phase control circuitry. Higher numbers of phases are alsopossible and are advantageous for transportation applications where highstarting torque is needed on traction motors.

FIG. 16 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a limited version of theoutput signal processing shown is FIG. 14. A pulse width modulator 55 isdriven by a regulated 12-volt DC output 63 for all chips of the circuit.The pulse width modular 55 output 73 a drives a non-inverting MOSfetdriver 76 a and the 73 b output of the pulse width modulator drives anon-inverted MOSfet drive 76 b. MOSfet driver 76 a drives MOSfet switch77 a. MOSfet driver 76 b drives MOSfet switch 77 b. Switch 77 a switchesload 83 to ground. A 120 volts AC load 83 is connected between socketterminal 82, fed by +240 volt DC at terminal 82. Switch 77 b switchesload 84 to ground at socket terminal 85. A 240 volts AC load 84 can beconnected between socket terminal 85, fed by +440 volt DC. When thepulse width modulator chip 55 is set to operate at a frequency of 50/60Hertz by RC elements 72, the loads 83, 84 operate as if fed by 120 and240 volt AC power supplies. This power supply is a simple on-off supplyoperating in the on mode at the full peak-to-peak voltage with 240 voltsDC and 440 volts DC. The uniqueness of this variant is in the very fewparts that are required to make it operate. The loads are poweredalternately for half of the 50/60-Hertz cycle and the circuit is openalternately for the other half of the cycle providing aquasi-square-wave drive. Current is interrupted for the other half ofthe cycle. The simplicity of this circuit favors reliability underrugged operating conditions. All chips have a common low voltage ground.All chips have common regulated 12-volt DC power from regulator 63. Thisarchitecture simplifies the control circuitry. For initializing thecircuit a rechargeable 9-volt battery 86 is used with its groundconnected to electronic ground. The positive terminal is connected to amomentary-on electrical switch, 87 and then connected to the common 12volt bus. Four diodes 88 are in series across momentary switch 87 with a1000-ohm resistor 89. The cathode end of the diode string is connectedto the plus terminal of the battery to form a current limiting batterycharging circuit when the ferrite core 51 is active. To start the outputsignal processing circuit the momentary switch 87 is pressed allowingall elements of the circuit to be energized directly from the battery86. When the momentary switch 87 is released the power supply 63 isactive and because core 51 is active this operates the pulse widthmodulator chip 55 and charges the battery 86 from coil 60 through thediode string 88 and resistor 89. In a preferred embodiment the momentaryswitch is pressed about 20 seconds after the generator burner of thedevice is ignited. After the momentary switch 87 is released, currentfrom regulated 12-volt DC 63 can then recharge the 9-volt battery 86through the diode string and resistor. Resistor 89 limits current andvoltage across the string, reduced by the diodes, dropping chargingvoltage to 1.2 volts higher than the battery's nominal 9 volts.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram that shows another preferred embodimentwhere the device utilizes power from a circle of coupons comprising ring7 without the need for a battery. As the ring heats up to generate from0.1 to 3.0 volt output, this circuit converts this low voltage into fiveor more isolated, 12 volts DC power supplies. These then power allelements of the control circuit as shown in FIGS. 14 and 16.

FIG. 18 shows another preferred embodiment where the circuit isinitiated by manual means. A flywheel 90 is fitted to a shaft 91 bymeans of a bearing 92. The flywheel has magnets 93 and 94 with verticalpoles in opposite directions. Beneath the flywheel are coils 95 and 96series connected to full-wave bridge 62. A pulley 97 is attached abovethe flywheel 90. A string can be wrapped about the pulley 97 and whenthe string is pulled the flywheel 90 spins with the magnets 93 and 94energize coil 95 and 96 inducing a current in the full Wave Bridge 62.Enough current is produced to drive the voltage regulator 63 supplyingregulated power to the high frequency drive circuit in FIGS. 9, 14 and16.

FIG. 19 illustrates a control system for generator 32 and applications.The basic heat control system for the generator was described in FIG. 6where a high-pressure stream of fuel, metered through an orifice 31induces air to mix with the fuel in a 14-16 to one mixture to insureproper combustion. Ignition of the fuel-air mixture above the burner andbeneath the hot fins of the generator causes heat from the flame to heatfins 4. This is a manual system with high air-fuel flow, that causingthe heat needed for anticipated electrical output above the burnerscreen 17. The control invention allows the generator to beelectronically controlled on and off. A high-pressure air inductionsystem in the form of an air blower 98 supplies air to burner pipe 18.The air supply is metered through a valve 102 a and flow meter 99 andinto this air supply, fuel is metered by flow meter 100 into thepressurized air-stream in burner pipe 18 from a pressure regulated fuelsource 101 through a metering orifice 102 b into the air supply.Electrically operated control valves 103 connected electrically inparallel are used to turn the metered air and fuel supplies on or off asthe electronic control system 104 demands. This is an on/off system thatcan be operated with manually preset flow rates in anticipation ofgenerator loading.

FIG. 20 illustrates another variant that uses a pressurized air supplyblower 98 and a pressurized fuel supply from a regulated pressure source101 feeding through pairs of valves 103 a-f feeding flow meters 99, 100that allow an adjustment of air-fuel with valves 102 a-f adjustingmixture and total flow of the fuel-air mixtures for each pair of controlfeatures that can be controlled on/off by valves 103 a-b, c-d, e-f, andelectronic means 104.

FIG. 21 illustrates a device 105 to achieve fuel modulation byelectronic control for bus voltage regulation due to electrical loadingof the generator. This variant uses pairs of air-fuel control valves 103a-f with metering adjustment valves 102 under individual flow meterssets 99, 100, the first set adjusted to supply heat for 17% of generatoroutput capacity, the second set to 34% output capacity and another setadjusted to 51% of output capacity. By electronically selectingcombinations of the three or more valve-sets 103 a-f, the generator'sfuel input can be adjusted to produce no output with all valve pairs offor 17% with the first pair only on, 34% with the second pair on, 51%with the third pair on, 68% with the first and third pairs on, 85% withthe second and third pairs on and 100% with all valve pairs on. Valvepairs can be selected by a micro-controller 106, monitoring voltage onthe output bus 107, programmed so as to use the least amount of fuel tomaintain output voltage above a preset value of about 220 volts AC, byheat control bus 108 to heat below an upper bus voltage of about 240volts AC. This is achieved by controller 109 a selection of none, or anycombination of just three, valve pairs 103 a-f. This feature allows thegenerator to burn the least amount of fuel while maintaining outputvoltage between predetermined limits. By selecting all three valve pairsa 100% fuel flow can be achieved. Also, a combination of “on” and “off”valve pairs allows fuel burn to more closely match or slightly surpassthat needed for electric production between output voltage limits,including all off when no electric production is needed. By using onlythree valve pairs in combination, fuel-air flow can be adjusted foroutput power and can be controlled by the microprocessor 106 to burn theleast air-fuel needed to maintain line voltage on the output bus 107within preset voltage limits, to follow load variations on the bus. Ahigh temperature sensor 109 b, with sensor located on ceramic plug 14 ofFIG. 5 above the hot fins 4, senses for over-temperature and instructsthe micro-controller 106 to shut off all air-fuel valve pairs to theburner when there is an over-temperature condition. A temperature sensor109 c, located on one of the cold fins 3 allows the micro-controller tosense an over-temperature of the voltage producing junctions, possiblybecause the cooling fan has failed and the micro-controller 106 causes ashut-off of all fuel-air mixture valves 103 a-f to the burner in anover-temperature condition. A resistor ladder 110 across the power bus107 is used to divide the voltage across the DC side of the powerbridges, fed by high frequency power from the generator's up-converter36 shown in FIGS. 7 and 9. As a part of the resistor ladder, voltagereference signals, adjusted with a manually set or computer setpotentiometer, feed into a differential operational amplifier 111 thatis set to send an adjustment signal by the micro-controller 106 toadjust the operation of the pulse-width-modulator chip 55 of FIG. 9 whenbus voltage rises or falls beyond preset limit. This function adjustsand controls the operation of the up-converter drive shown in FIG. 9,regulating voltage at bus 107. The potentiometer 110 is pre-set to anarbitrary value of approximately 100 Volts. If the loading on the powerbus increases to cause the output of the generator to fall below 90Volts, the generator's micro-controller 106 off-switches the load, shutsoff the air-fuel supply, and the control system goes into shut-down safemode. The power bus 107 is disabled but the cooling fan motor 34 in FIG.7 continues to run for an additional 3 minutes to cool the voltageproducing portion of the generator ring 7, preventing undue stress onthe generator. Should the output current exceed the rated capacity ofthe generator for more than one second, a current sensing chip 109 d,which is a differential operational amplifier across a shunt in serieswith an output power leg, causes an interrupt of the pulse widthmodulator chip 55 in FIGS. 9, 14 and 16. This event triggers a shutdownof the output power from the generator 32.

FIG. 22 diagrams a preferred control system 112. This system isconfigured to shut down the air-fuel mixture valves 103 a-f, butcontinues power to the cooling fan motor 34 so as to prevent generatorthermal stress. To restart the generator, the operator can manuallyrestart with switch 113 after determining the cause of the over currentand waiting 3 minutes, going through the manual restart procedure forthe generator. The control system 112 can also be programmed to attemptto restart the generator automatically, after performing internaldiagnostics to determine the cause of the over current before restartingthe generator and reconnecting to the load.

FIG. 23 illustrates a generator-absorption-chiller hybrid 114,configured to operate as the electric power supply for a heat powered,heater-absorption chiller hybrid with unique controls illustrated inFIG. 21 that allow it to operate as a seamless alternative to the powergrid. When the absorption chiller 116 is switched on, the generator isauto-started by micro-controller 106 to be in the “on and ready” mode;ready to supply the power needed to operate the absorption chiller 116.The absorption chiller then has electric power and heat from thegenerator's exhaust switched-in by diverter valve 117 directed bymicro-controller 106 to begin refrigeration or heating operations. Theabsorption chiller is under the control of a thermostat 115 thatdetermines the summer/winter mode and temperature in which theabsorption chiller 116 will operate and whether it needs to operate tosatisfy interior climate control requirements of the home orenvironmental space. The air-fuel mixture and quantity of heat suppliedto the generator is controlled by the micro-controller 106 to operatewith just enough electrical output capacity to satisfy the electricalpower for the absorption chiller. Micro-controller 106 can also beprogrammed to produce enough energy to satisfy the needs of otherappliances in the residence 120 and that of other residences 121, or acommercial building. The electrical power level of the generator isadjusted by micro-controller 106 by sensing the voltage across the DCoutput bus 107, the micro-processor adjusting air-fuel supply valves 103a-f, controlling near the center of an adjustable preset bus voltagerange. Should the bus voltage rise above the nominal preset voltagelevel, the micro-controller 106 selects air-fuel valve sets 103 a-c thatlower or decrease burn rate to achieve and control at a nominal, presetoutput bus 107 voltage. The same heat that exits the generator 32,normally wasted exhaust gas, is diverted to pass through and operatesthe absorption chiller 116. Solenoid actuated diverter valve 117 in theexhaust stream of the generator 32 directs exhaust heat either throughthe absorption chiller 116, or to exit to ambient when there is noabsorption chiller requirement. This way, the absorption chiller'sstandard control system can call for heat or chill with the same out ofthe box controls. The generator is the power source with proportionalcontrol valves. Previous to implementation of this invention thegenerator burned unneeded fuel in the absorption chiller. When theabsorption chiller's thermostat 115 calls for more heat than thesolenoid activated diverter valve 117 can supply, supplemental heatingthrough resistive heating element 118 powered by the generator can beactivated. No separate fuel supply is needed to operate the chillerportion of the absorption chiller 116; the generator's diverted exhaustand supplemental electric heating 118 being adequate. Generator power119 for chiller also passes through to power the home electrical loads120 and 121.

FIG. 24 illustrates a device 122 that allows the small generator tooperate as if it were much larger in capacity. An up-converter circuit36 similar to the one described in FIG. 9 is driven by a bank ofbatteries 123 instead of thermoelectric ring 7. This system is connectedto the generator's power bus 107 to help support the bus loading whenthe generator is overloaded. A bank of batteries 123, for example aboutsix automobile batteries, driving a push-pull up-converter 36 with DCbridges is connected by control lines 124 to allow the generator andbattery bank to work together to output power when the generator'soutput bus 107 is overloaded. The battery bank delivers current when thegenerator's bus falls below a lower voltage limit than the generatornormally controls to maintain. The battery bank's power bus 125 and thegenerator's power bus 107 are connected in parallel to power theH-bridge driving the AC output bus. Battery bank 123 can be charged bythe generator or by the grid with battery charger 126. The two systemscan operate independently or they can work together, instantaneouslyallowing the generator to operate as if it had a twice larger outputpower capacity for several minutes until the battery bank depletes. Thetying of the two systems, generator and battery, together at the DC busis novel. When the power bus is pulled lower than a preset value thatthe generator's controller tries to maintain, the battery system isalready on line to help hold generator bus at preset voltage level.Otherwise the bus voltage would be pulled lower by the increasedloading. The battery boost system, working in conjunction with thegenerator, will allow the generator to operate at near the minimum busvoltage, burning the minimum amount of fuel, yet the system will be ableto respond to instantaneous bus loading with the aid of battery boost.Should the generator nm out of fuel, the battery bank can support theload until fuel supplies are restored. This is another benefit of thethermoelectric-battery combination 122.

An alternative to combining multiple units as described above is tobuild a ring with more coupons in the circular array. For example bymodifying the shape of the conductive wedge and elongating hot fins an18-inch thermoelectric ring can be manufactured. A standard 9-inch modelgenerator is composed of about 60 coupons, each coupon made up of a coldfin, hot fin, p-wafer, n-wafer and a conductive wedge. Sixty, 6°conductive wedges used as one of the components of each coupon forcesclosure of a nine inch diameter circular assembly, the ring closing onitself with the ends of the ring electrically insulated by inclusion ofan insulator and up-converter. The up-converter passes continuous ringcurrent alternately through two, switched primary windings in amake-before-break fashion as described above. To improve the poweroutput conductive wedges with less taper are used in each coupon. Wedgeswith less taper increase the number of coupons required to close thering. The greater the number of coupons in a ring, the higher thecumulative ring voltage. Wedge thickness adds to the total copperresistance in the ring. A 2.47° wedge is required to close an 18-inchring and conductive wedge is about half as thick as the 6° wedge in aring of 60 coupons. This thinner wedge reduces the copper wedgeresistance for a 146-coupon ring to half that of 60 coupon ring. Acertain copper thickness of at least 0.125 inches in required for ¾×¾inch wafers. Copper is used as hot and cold fins because it serves adual role. Copper fins not only conduct current through wafers aroundthe ring, these fins also conduct heat into and out of surfaces of thewafers, creating the thermoelectric voltage that drives the high currentaround the ring and through the up-converter. Example 1 compareselectrical parameters for two sizes of rings for thermoelectricgenerators. Example 2 describes operating performance for two ringsizes.

EXAMPLE 1

Wedge Cu Ring Conductive wedge Wedges/ring Resistance ResistanceStandard-9 inch ring, 60 4.75E−7 Ohm 4.7E−5 Ohm 6° wedge 18″ ring, 146 1.9E−7 Ohm 7.1E−5 Ohm 2.47° wedge

The following are measured and calculated generator performance valuesfor various wafer voltages generated by changes in temperature for twospecified diameters:

EXAMPLE 2 Standard Model, a 9-Inch Diameter Ring

Wafer voltage Number of coupons Watts Output Horsepower 0.025 60 9,000 12* 0.05 60 36,000  48 0.072 60 74,649 100 0.092 60 123,289 164 *Thishorsepower value is proven while others are calculated.“Double diameter” model is an 18-inch diameter suitable for buses andtrucks.

Horsepower Wafer voltage Number of coupons Watts output expected 0.025146 21,903 29 0.05 146 87,612 117 0.072 146 181,672 242 0.092 146300,047 400

In a preferred embodiment a programmable microcontroller is used to dropoff generator loading in an overload condition, or delay the start of anew load until the generator's voltage and power output capacity can berestored and powered up to assume the new load. The programmablemicrocontroller is helpful to signal the generator a power up is neededfor an appliance, when the generator is operating in economy mode, or isin the off mode, before a new load is assumed. A programmablemicrocontroller is an electrical device in a circuit that senses voltageand voltage rate changes and has the capacity to regulate the amount ofcurrent that passes through it. It also has the capacity to exchangeinformation with other electrical devices including computers andcontrollers and to respond to requests from those devices.

In another preferred embodiment the thermoelectric generator uses acarburetor to burn all forms of liquid fuel in the thermoelectricgenerator. A blower supplies pressurized air to flow meters and a tank.Metered air is bubbled below the liquid level. Atomized air-fuel mixtureexits at the top of tank. Pressurized air from a blower is controlled bya flow meter and is mixed with the atomized air-fuel mixture. Tubingconnects the combined air with atomized fuel to the burner pipe of thethermoelectric generator. The same control system described in FIGS. 21,22 and 24 is used to control air-fuel supply to generator. A cartridgeheater with thermostatic control is used to heat fuel for betteratomization of heavy fuels in cold arctic climates. In a preferredembodiment gas instead of air is pumped into the carburetor to create amore combustible mixture of combined fuels. For low voltage applicationssuch as electro-dialysis desalination, current is used at the voltageprovided by ring 7 without conversion through leads on each side of theinsulator 10. For higher direct current applications voltage isincreased by make-before-break up-converter through primary andsecondary windings where up-converter leads are attached to each side ofthe insulator 10 through cold fin terminals 8 and 9.

In a preferred embodiment the thermoelectric generator uses hot finscoated with a combustion catalyst when combustion occurs at or near thehot fins.

The n-type and p-type semiconductors play an important role in allowinghigh conversion efficiency. Example 3 gives the range of elements and apreferred amount of elements making up the n-type semiconductor. Example4 gives the range and preferred amount of the p-type semiconductor.

EXAMPLE 3 n-Type Semiconductor Composition 1

Element Range Preferred Amount Selenium  5%-10%  6% Bismuth 40%-60% 47%Tellurium remainder to 100% 47%

EXAMPLE 4 p-Type Semiconductor Composition 2

Element Range Preferred Amount Antimony 28%-30% 29.1% Bismuth  8%-10%9.5% Tellurium remainder to 100% 61.4%

Copper and other elements greatly degrade performance of thesesemiconductor wafers therefore high purity elements are preferred. Eachchemical element should be at least 99.9% pure and preferably 99.999%pure. In a preferred embodiment said elements are combined and melted toa temperature of about 800° C. before being cast into a desired shape.

Slow cooling of the combined elements make high quality semiconductors.A preferred size for the wafers is 1.5 mm thick by 2-cm by-2 cm. Forease of presentation the 2-cm by 2-cm sides are called faces and the1.5-mm.times.2-cm sides are called “sides”. To achieve slow coolingcombined melted semiconductor material is pour into a mold of thedesired shape having the thin direction cast vertically, that is, sidesare facing horizontally. In a preferred embodiment the wall of the moldis coated with hollow ceramic spheres obtained from fly-ash materialthat floats on water. The ceramic spheres are in the form of a powderthat has relatively uniform size of less than 10 microns. Preferably thepowder is held together in the mold by propylene glycol or milk ofmagnesia. The slow cooling rate is determined by the thermalconductivity of the casting matrix, the size and shape of the wafer andthe starting temperature. For wafers 1.5 mm thick and 2 cm×2 cm in sizethe cooling rate is estimated to be an average of 100 degrees centigradeper minute. In a preferred embodiment cast faces of the semiconductorare lightly smoothed using a belt sander with 100-grit aluminum oxidesandpaper. Properly cast wafers have a crystal grain size thatmicroscopically appears to approach 2-mm. Transfer of electrons acrossthe semiconductor is improved when some portions of the semiconductorare without a boundary barrier in the direction of flight of theelectrons and holes.

Semiconductors are protected from infiltration of copper atoms andcomponents of solder by coating them entirely with a thin layer ofnickel, ranging from 1 to 10 microns thick. The edges of thesemiconductors are further coated with a non-conducting insulator toreduce current leakage not progressing through the fin. In a preferredembodiment the coating is a high temperature polymer, such as Tempilaq,manufactured by Air Liquide America Corp. of South Plainfield, N.J.07080, USA. The sides of the semiconductor are further coated with anadditional thickness of nickel of at least 20 microns, preferably 20 to30 microns.

In a preferred embodiment fins are made of copper. To reduce corrosionand prevent migration of copper into the semiconductor the fins arecoated with metal more resistant to oxidation, preferably nickel. In apreferred embodiment the fins are tapered on the opposite end connectingto the semiconductor to allow complete metal filling of the circle. Inanother preferred embodiment the ends of the hot fins facing the centerof the circle are tapered to reduce the likelihood of an electric shortcaused by fins touching. In another preferred embodiment the end of thefins connecting to the wafers are tapered in the area of contact withthe wafer to accommodate ring closure without the use of wedges.

An alternative approach to achieve uniform metal-semiconductor fillingof the circle is to have straight ends on the fins and to insert coatedcopper conductive wedges periodically around the circle. Preferably thecopper conductive wedges are coated with nickel and placed in registrywith each coupon.

A single insulator is placed in the ring and preferably an additionalcold fin with adjacent semiconductor. In a preferred embodiment theinsulator is made of mica.

Placing solder between the surfaces of the fins and the semiconductorscompletes assembly of the thermoelectric device. Preferably prior toassembly solder is applied to both sides of the hot and cold fins at athickness of between 50 and 100 microns. Kester's solder is preferredbut an additional 4% of silver powder needs to be added for optimalperformance.

A considerable outward radial force occurs when heat is applied to thehot fins and current flows in the ring. To prevent collapse of thedevice compressive force needs to be supplied. This is accomplished bytightening a metal strap around the device. To prevent shorting by themetal strap an insulating material is place around the ring beforeattaching the metal strap. Preferably the insulating wrapping is heatshrinkable polyimide. In another preferred embodiment the steel band isheld in compression using one or more Belleville disk spring washers.These allow compression to be retained when the device cools.Non-metallic thermo-stable plastic can be used in lieu of a metal bandwith electrical insulator.

Prior to assembly each coupon 6 is tested for its thermoelectricactivity and electrical conductivity.

A generator ring is assembled using 60 coupons with solder pastein-between adding two additional cold paddles with an insulatorin-between. After assembly and application of inward compression by themetal ban the device is heated. In a preferred embodiment the rate ofheating is 10 degrees per minute to a temperature of 270 degrees C. Thebonded device is then removed and allowed to cool in air. In anotherpreferred embodiment the cold fins are positioned downward so any excesssolder drips along the cold fins creating extra surface area for heatexchange.

A variety of controls can improve the utilization of stand-alone andabsorption hybrid version of the thermoelectric device. For example, aself-powered climate control system can power the electrical needs ofthe residence or a commercial building, while also powering theabsorption chiller system with generator exhaust heat and a smallportion of the generator's electrical production. There will be timeswhen either electrical output or chilling output will be surplus. Tomake the most economical use of the surplus capacity, an air dryer,which is a machine that wrings water from air can be incorporated. Thismachine can supply drinking, sanitary and agricultural water forresidents and for community uses. Under certain atmospheric conditions,1,000 gallons a day and more can be harvested from the air, making useof the thermoelectric generator-absorption chiller hybrid, especiallyduring the nighttime, and periods of high humidity. This is also a timewhen electrical and chilling demands can be lower; so excess capacitycan be utilized for water production using any or all of the waterproduction means described.

In a preferred embodiment a micro-controller is set to optimize theproduction of electricity, heating or chilling or for water harvestingduring nighttime hours. The control system consists of a selector knobthat is positioned to cause the system to operate within preset limitswith fuel economy, low operating cost, and to prioritize chillingcapacity during the day, switching to water production during nighttimehours. What this selector does is tell the micro-controller toconcentrate on holding parameters that would enhance the system'soperation in the selected mode, holding the operational parameters ofthe other operations to a looser specification. In other words, if waterproduction is emphasized, and all the other systems will operate at 100volts AC and the environment is comfortable at 27° C., the system willbe adjusted to operate at most economical conditions to produce waterand support the other operations with a more relaxed specification.

The generator's control system will seek the lowest fuel burn tomaintain a preset voltage level on the bus. This is the most efficientway to operate the generator, to consume the least amount of fuel forelectrical production. There are many occasions where the load on theline will increase dramatically and will require the generator to beoperating at a much higher fuel burn to support the loading. Because thegenerator requires a recovery time between the time the increasedloading is applied and the time required for the generator come up tothe increased output levels of about 30 seconds, the dimming of houselighting will signal the application of increased loading. This isdisconcerting to the user. With the utility grid, this is taken care ofwith spinning reserve at the generation site, and the fact that the gridsystem is huge and is not easily affected with the switching in of amere household load. With smaller stand-alone generation, the suddenaddition of a significant load causes the house lights to dim for aperiod until the generator can increase the heating to assume the extraloading at the previous voltage level. One way to instantaneouslyincrease the effective power of the generator is to allow theup-converter controller to switch from producing a sine wave to a squarewave. This is done until the heat can be raised in the generator, thenthe waveform can revert back to the sine wave at the previous voltage.Since the square wave has almost 30% more energy than a sine wave, thisis a practical way to make a little generator, operating with maximumfuel efficiency, react in a few microseconds to maintain bus voltage inspite of the increased loading. This waveform change allows thegenerator to operate as if it has a 30% spinning reserve. This way, itcan support the previous load and a load that is 30% higher at constantvoltage, until the burn rate can be increased. It can support thisloading without allowing the lighting to dim or cause detriment to anyof the electrical loads. Another way this feature can be used is to setthe generator control system to operate producing only a square wave,and thereby saving 30% of the fuel that would otherwise be consumed inproducing a sine wave. The lights may dim but saving 30% on fuel billsmay be worth this minor annoyance. The user has clear choices as to howthis system operates, the cost of operation, and can decide which ismore important.

In another preferred embodiment a programmable microcontroller isinstalled at the site of each large electric load, such as an electricstove, electrically powered air conditioner, or electric clothes dryer.The programmable microcontroller communicates with the generator tosignal that a large load is in the “on” mode. The programmablemicrocontroller delays the switching on of the appliance until thegenerator signals to a particular programmable microcontroller that ithas increased the fuel burn to accommodate the new loading. When thegenerator's micro-controller signals the programmable microcontrollerthat it has increased capacity to assume the load, the programmablemicrocontroller switches the appliance onto the bus. The generator'scontrol system constantly monitors output capacity and can maintain thisextra capacity until the work of the extra loading is completed, thenreducing fuel burn to a minimum level to support bus voltage withinpreset limits. If however, another programmable microcontroller signalsto come on line, and the burner is at maximum fuel burn, the generator'smicro-controller may delay the start of the new load until another loaddrops off the bus or there is adequate output capacity available. Theprogrammable microcontroller signals the load size to the generator'scontroller for this determination. In this way, a small capacity, highlyefficient generator can serve the same function as the grid, by delayingthe start of certain appliances. Also, certain programmablemicrocontrollers can be programmed to have higher priority over otherprogrammable microcontrollers, delaying the clothes drying for instancein favor of cooking supper on the stove, resuming the drying operationafter a stove is turned off and meal is cooked.

In another preferred embodiment a battery boost allows the system'smicro-controller to shut off the generator at night when loading isbelow a certain load level, only to restart the generator when thebatteries drain to a lower and preset safe level. The battery system canbe charged with energy from the grid or with electrical energy from thegenerator. Using the utility grid to charge the battery bank preventsthe utility company from abandoning the customer or billing for“Stranded Facilities” when customer runs exclusively on the self-poweredgenerator-absorption chiller hybrid system. Another benefit to the user,should the generator system ever fail, the utility service can be usedas if nothing happened, bring in outside energy through the batterycharging system. On the other hand, should the utility system fail, thegenerator can support the residence or commercial building as if thereno power failure ever occurred, automatically and without disconnects orswitchovers. This will provide the user with seven 9s reliability, upfrom the standard four 9s reliability realized with grid only service.This is why it is important for the customer to remaining connected tothe grid when available. By using the grid only for charging the batterybank, not only are the batteries maintained, the residence or commercialbuilding will realize a source of emergency power for a small monthlyminimum charge, and the facility will have the seven 9s reliabilityrequired for dependable computer operation.

The above described inventions and implementations illustrate the broadrange of uses of the improved thermoelectric device and its hybridversions. In addition there are may other implementations which utilizethe valuable properties of these inventions including efficiency, lownoise and portability.

In a preferred embodiment a smaller version of the thermoelectric devicedescribed in detail herein is made to be a backpack generator. Byproviding 120 and 240 volts AC output the backpack can be used with anytool or device which would otherwise require proximity to an electricoutlet or portable liquid-fuel stand-alone generator.

In another preferred embodiment a thermoelectric device as illustratedand claimed herein is combined with the mechanical portion of a toolproducing a thermoelectric tool. Examples include but are not limited toa chainsaw, circular saw, reciprocating saw, drill, posthole digger, andautomatic nail driver.

In a preferred embodiment the thermoelectric device claimed herein iscombined with a mechanical compressor and air storage chamber to providea portable, quiet and efficient air compressor system.

In another preferred embodiment a small thermoelectric device is fittedto replace batteries in battery powered hand tool systems, especiallythose that use a common battery size and shape to power a variety ofdifferent tools and electronics. In another preferred embodimentstandard propane tanks are used as fuel for a small thermoelectricgenerator having a DC output that matches the voltage needed for batterydriven tools.

In another preferred embodiment a small thermoelectric device isdesigned to be affixed commonly to mechanical portions of common handtools. In one case the electrical output drives an electric motor usedto power the mechanical portion of the tool. The benefit of having ahybrid tool is to allow the energy demand of the tool to control thefuel consumption rate by direct feedback.

In addition to thermoelectric tools the thermoelectric device disclosedhere can replace other means of supplying energy to appliances. This athermoelectric device can be used to power a refrigeration compressor ina common household refrigerator or freezer. Similarly an electric stovecan be powered by gas or liquid fuel by utilizing a thermoelectricdevice. Such appliances fitted to burn wood would be especially usefulin remote areas where wood is abundant and electricity is not present.As with thermoelectric tools thermoelectric appliances have the benefitof allowing feedback to control the rate of combustion.

In another preferred embodiment a thermoelectric powered absorptionchiller and water harvesting machine is designed to be affixed to theoutside of an apartment, townhouse, condo or the floor of an officebuilding to provide electricity, climate control and water independentof the buildings services, needing only a fuel supply. Such a systemwill make retrofit of existing facilities easier providing analternative to high cost, unreliable utilities and nuclear source powerin Europe and elsewhere in the world.

A major benefit of the inventions described herein is the improvement oftransportation means. Transportation vehicles can be manufactured with athermoelectric generator driving one or more motors to propel thevehicle. The thermoelectric generator can be powered by fuel combustionor by heat transferred from the thermal store, or a combination of bothheating sources. In some cases vehicles can be retrofitted with athermoelectric generator and when necessary a motor and means totransfer energy from the motor to the propulsion system. A third systemcan be used in some cases to take advantage of thermoelectric propulsionwithout retrofitting. In this case an integrated combination ofthermoelectric generator, motor and drive mechanism is secured to atrailer and the trailer attached to the vehicle to provide propulsion tothe vehicle.

Thermoelectric generator devices can be used in a wide variety ofapplications. For example a set of components 204 in FIG. 37 can be usedin an automobile that has a failed engine. An automobile can be poweredusing a fuel burning three phase thermoelectric generator 32 by removingthe old engine and transmission and adding a single electric motor 205connected directly to a special drive shaft 206. FIG. 37 illustrates theuse of a high efficiency thermoelectric generator 32 to power anelectric motor 205 that connects to the special drive shaft 206 of anautomobile. The speed of the electric motor 205 is regulated by astandard accelerator pedal 207 that now controls the frequency of theelectrical output from the thermoelectric generator 32. The rotationdirection of the electric motor 205 and correspondingly the wheels of avehicle is controlled by a standard car shifter 208 modified to causephase shift in electricity produced by the thermoelectric generator 32for forward, neutral and reverse vehicle travel directions.

FIG. 38 illustrates one configuration 209 for using heat stored inceramic fragments to drive a vehicle using a thermoelectric generator32. A significant feature of this system is energy recovery whilebraking a vehicle. This energy recovery is done by shunting energyproduced by the armature of the electric motor 205 to a resistive heater213 in a heat store 129, depicted in FIG. 25 and described in greaterdetail below. A control box 214 senses over-voltage on a motor power bus210 interconnecting the thermoelectric generator 32 with the electricmotor 205. Over-voltage on the motor power bus 210 indicates braking bythe automobile's hydraulic brake system and causes the shunting of theexcess energy to the resistive heater 213. The car then brakes in aforceful and safe manner regulated by control box 214 and theautomobile's conventional breaking system. Analogous to the resistiveheater 213, the heat store 129 may also advantageously include a secondheating element 218 for storing thermal energy in the heat store 129 byconnecting the heating element 218 to an electrical utility grid throughan electrical plug 217.

An alternative implementation depicted in FIG. 39 is a hybrid vehicle219 that includes both a heat store 129 together with a primarythermoelectric generator 32 and an auxiliary thermoelectric generator 32a that preferably burns liquid fuel drawn from a vehicle's original fueltank 220. The hybrid vehicle 219 includes the same resistance-brakingfeature as the configuration 209. Preferred operating method for thehybrid vehicle 219 initially uses solar heat energy drawn from the heatstore 129, and subsequently the supplemental fuel drawn from the fueltank 220. Under circumstances in which more energy is needed than theheat store 129 can supply, a controller unit 221 is engaged tosynchronize electrical output from both of the thermoelectric generators32, 32 a. Electrical output synchronization is accomplished usingmethodology described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,101,846 that is herebyincorporated by reference as though fully set forth here. When thehybrid vehicle 219 operates drawing maximum power from the heat store129 and the primary thermoelectric generator 32, determined from fullextension of the accelerator pedal 207, the controller unit 221activates the auxiliary thermoelectric generator 32 a that operates onfuel drawn from the fuel tank 220. The auxiliary thermoelectricgenerator 32 comes on line to assume the extra load increasing power fordriving the hybrid vehicle 219. For AC drive applications, phasesynchronization between thermoelectric generators 32 is achieved throughcontroller unit 221 phasing electrical power generated by the primarythermoelectric generator 32 to conform to the exact phase of electricalpower generated the auxiliary thermoelectric generator 32. When loaddemand of the hybrid vehicle 219 decreases, the controller unit 221commands the auxiliary thermoelectric generator 32 to stand at the readyor the auxiliary thermoelectric generator 32 can be shut down untilneeded again.

Examples of the land transportation vehicles that can be manufacturedand powered by one or more thermoelectric generators, one or moreelectric motors and one or more drive shafts include: passenger cars,pick-up trucks; highway cargo trucks, farm tractors, trains; bicyclesincluding motor bike styles; motor cycles; and construction equipmentsuch as graders, bull dozers, back hoes, cranes, construction haulingtrucks, and the like.

Many existing land vehicles can be retrofitted to replace traditionalpower system with a thermoelectric power system. For example, thecombustion motor and transmission of a car or truck can be removed fromthe vehicle and replaced by one or more thermoelectric generatorsdriving one or more electric motors that connect to the drive shaft ofthe vehicle. In a preferred embodiment thermoelectric generators powerelectric hub-motors embedded in the vehicle's wheels.

In a preferred embodiment some land vehicles benefit from thermoelectricpower without modification of the vehicle. In one implementation one ormore thermoelectric generators powers one or more motors that power atrailer. The trailer is connected to the vehicle in a fashion to pushthe vehicle. In this implementation the vehicle being pushed runs onminimal power needed for power controls, air conditioning, lighting,braking and the like. The trailer can be either two wheeled, or fourwheeled.

In another preferred embodiment trailer hauling trucks are adapted toconnect to cargo trailers each of which is powered by one or morethermoelectric generators driving one or more motors directly drivingwheels of the trailer. Thus one truck can haul many trailers forming aland train to be used in places where land trains normally operate.

Examples of water transportation vehicles that can be manufactured andpowered by one or more thermoelectric generators, one or more electricmotors and one or more drive shafts include: pleasure motor craft; houseboats; jet skies, sail boats; tug boats; ocean liners, and cargo ships.

Pleasure motor craft, houseboats and sailboats powered by inboard motorscan be retrofitted in a manner similar to that applied to vehicles. Theinboard motor is replaced by one or more thermoelectric generators andthese generators drive one or more electric motors connected directly orindirectly to propellers. Cargo and other ocean going vessels can beretrofitted by replacing boilers and combustion engine drive systems tothermoelectric drive systems by appropriate sizing of the number ofthermoelectric generators and drive motors to the power needs of thevessel.

Several newly manufactured and some retrofitted vehicles of the typedepicted in FIGS. 37-39 can benefit by using stored solar energy. FIG.25 illustrates a closed circuit solar collecting system 127 that focusessolar heat onto a heat receiving target 128 for heating gas or air thatcirculates through a heat store 129 which contains a heat storage mediumsuch as dolomite fragments or preferably porcelain fragments. Athermoelectric generator 32 that operates as needed can be energized bystored heat obtained from the sun as follows. A two-axis solar-trackingheat collector 130 receives solar radiation and focuses that heat energyonto the target 128. Hot gas or air flows from the target 128 through aprimary heat store 129 to increase the working temperature of the heatstorage medium present there before the gas or air re-circulates to thetarget 128 for further heating. Subsequently, thermal energy present inheat store 129 can be used as needed to operate a thermoelectricgenerator 32. FIG. 25 indicates how thermal energy can first betransferred using circulating gas or air to heat storage medium mediumpresent in the primary heat store 129. The illustration of FIG. 25 alsoincludes an auxiliary heat store 129 a to provide additional heatstorage capacity which in principle could be the heat store 129 depictedin FIG. 38 that stores heat used for vehicle operation. When thermalenergy is being stored before operating a vehicle, as depicted in FIG.38 hot gas or air driven by a fan, not depicted in FIG. 25 or 37-39,enters the heat store 129 of the configuration 209 via an insulatedinput line 215, circulates through the heat storage medium present inthat heat store 129 and then flows back to a heat source such as theheat store 129 depicted in FIG. 25, or even the target 128, via aninsulated output line 216. When the vehicle depicted in FIG. 38operates, a blower 211 moves hot gas or air from the heat store 129 tothe thermoelectric generator 32 from which the gas or air returns to theheat store 129 via an insulated return line 212. The amount of heattransferred from solar collector to heat store 129 depicted in FIG. 25during a typical summer day has been determined from a temperature riseof a heat storage media mass of 545 kg during one day. The storage mediatested consisted of dolomite fragments having a specific heat of 1.7J/(kg×° C.). Specific heat was determined by calorimeter methodology asmeasured in the 500 to 800° C. temperature range. Typically, without anyheat being drawn from the heat store 129 90 kW/day is deposited into theheat store 129 increasing storage medium temperature from 400° C. to900° C. The amount of heat loss is determined by measuring thetemperature drop of the closed heat store 129 over time. Properlyinsulated, the half-life of the heat store 129 operating near 900° C. isapproximately a week and more. The electrical energy output produced bya thermoelectric generator 32 operating with the heat store 129 between400° C. and 900° C. is determined to be 5 kW for an 8-hour period whileapplied to a resistive load. Wattage was verified with Volt and Ampmeters over the 8-hour period for a total loading of 40 kW-hr. Thermalenergy supplied to the thermoelectric generator 32 from the heat store129 was determined by measuring inlet/outlet temperatures for gasflowing in and out of the thermoelectric generator 32. Measured in/outgas temperatures were 620° C. at the inlet to the thermoelectricgenerator 32 and 418° C. at the outlet from the thermoelectric generator32 for gas or air returning from the thermoelectric generator 32 to theheat store 129. With generator electrical output measured correctly,generator input energy equates to 80 kW-hrs of heat energy used in thegenerator while 32 kW-hrs of unused energy is returned to the heat store129. Based on measured in/out gas temperatures for the thermoelectricgenerator 32 and measured generator electrical output, the amount ofheat dissipated from the cold fins 3 was 8 kW-hrs.

FIG. 26 illustrates a motorized target system 131 that stirs gas 132repeatedly over the heated surface of the target 133 exhausting heatedgas under centrifugal pressure into hot air return pipe 134. Labyrinthseal 135 equalizes closed system pressure with that of the ambientduring times of gas flow shut down and start up. In normal operation, nogas passes through this seal except to equalize pressure betweenatmosphere and system. Insulation 136 covers the top portion of thetarget and the supply lines to reduce heat loss in the direction of thesun and during nighttime, minimizing hot gas siphoning from store totarget and back from occurring. Cooling disc 137 reduces heat flowthrough driveshaft 138 that would otherwise shorten the life of motor139. System gas 132 is heated by focused heat from the sun that isdirected on the target. Gas is moved across heated surface by impeller140 rotated by motor 139 using system gas 132 circulated through heatstore 129. Motor speed controls gas velocity through heat store 129.When the motor is stopped, system gas circulation stops except for minorthermal siphoning between target and heat store clue to heat loss oftarget heating surface 133. The target motor normally operates at aspeed to control the gas exiting the target in the range of 800 to1,000° C. When out flowing gas 141 from target 131 exceeds 1200° C.,tracking system is accelerated to move focused heat off target until gasflow caused by target motor 139 running full speed can reduce the gasoutlet stream below 1200° C. preventing target melt. When the gas 141flowing out of the target reduces below 1200° C. the tracking isreturned to the normal operation of pointing towards the sun. The heatstore provides round-the-clock thermal energy to produce electric powerespecially at night and when the solar collector is obscured by clouds.

FIG. 27 illustrates a supplemental means 142 for heating the heat store129 by adding a heat store burner 143 to the energy system 127. Exhaustgas from burner 143 exits burner 143 at openings 145. Heated gas 144exits 142 to circulate through heat store 129. Motor 139 a and burner143 operate together to inject heated gas 144 into the heat store 129 asneeded, shutting off when supplemental heat in the store is not needed.Supplemental heating is necessary when days are short, heat store 129 issized too small and during overcast prevalence. In a preferredembodiment the temperature of combustion gas is increase by forcing airinto the combustion chamber.

FIG. 28 illustrates the use of supplemental heating 142 as a means torapidly increase the temperature of a heat store that normally is heatedonly by solar energy. Device 142 of FIG. 27 is connected to heat store129 of FIG. 25, of energy system 127 in a manner that makes supplementalheating instantly available without waiting for the heat store 129 toincrease in temperature. Heated gas 144 from 142 circulates by motor 139a to pass through heat store in the reverse direction of gas that isused by the generator 32. This allows generator 32 to draw gas heated byburner 143 without waiting for the heat store 129 to rise intemperature.

FIG. 29 illustrates a device 147 for circulating heated gas or air 148from heat store 129 through electric generator 32 of FIG. 7. A motorizedfan 149 with impeller 150 is added to the generator 32 to draw heatedsystem gas 148 from the heat store 129, discharging gas 151 back to theheat store through supply tube 152 of the closed system. A separate airblower 33 powered by motor 34 is used to move cooling air across coldfins 3 of the generator 32 exhausting the heat from cold fins to ambientair. The speed of the fan motor 149 with impeller 150 determines thevelocity of hot gas passing across hot fins 4 in the closed systemthereby determining the amount of electrical output that is possiblefrom the modified generator 32 in 147. Example 2 lists variouspower-outputs versus the thermoelectric voltage of individualthermoelectric elements caused by heat flow across thermoelectricelements 4 due to the speed of motorized fan 149. When electrical energyneeds are low, motorized fan 149 speed can be low to reduce heat lossthrough the generator conserving heat energy in the heat store 129. Whenthere are no electrical energy requirements, motorized fan 149 isstopped preventing gas flow through the generator 34.

FIG. 30 shows a thermoelectric generator 153 that uses vertical fins 4for heating and vertical fins 3 for cooling with built-in fans 154 forcirculating hot air and 155 for cooling fins 3 driven by a single motor156. Generator 153 is shown mounted directly on the insulated heat store129 with hot air 157 passing through generator 153 returning hot air 157to heat store 129 for re-heating through duct 151. The hot gas 157through hot gas inlet 158 to the generator 153 is located adjacent towhere the hot gas coming from the target output heated gas 144 islocated so the generator can be operated with incoming solar heated gas,supplemented by heater 142. The advantage being the generator isinstantly operational without having to wait several days after initialinstallation for the heat store's large mass to be heated above 500C.

FIG. 31 illustrates a gas flow system 159 with heat store 129. Motorizedfan 160 circulates gas from heat store 129 through generator 32, theexhaust 161 returning through duct 162 delivered to the other end ofheat store 129 for re-heating. Baffles 163 in heat store 129 directcirculated hot gas 161 through heat storage media 164 in heat store 129.Insulated cover 165 for heat store 129 is shown as a means of fillingstore with heat-storing media 164.

FIG. 32 illustrates an insulated heat storage system 166 that comprisesgenerator 153 of FIG. 30 mounted directly on insulation over heat store129. This generator 153 uses a single motor 156 to power a fan for heatcirculation that returns exhaust through duct 162 and delivers it toheat store 129. The same motor 156 drives another fan that providescooling for generator's cold fins. Insulated cover 167 over heat store129 maintains storage temperature starting at 900° C. and ending at 500°C. for a half-life of weeks and at the same time provides environmentalprotection. The insulation is made of ceramic fiber blankets ofalumina-silica fiber bonded with a resin that can withstand temperaturesup to 1150 C. The heat flow rate of this material is listed as 0.5Btu/hr×inches per square foot at 400° C.

FIG. 33 illustrates a solar powered thermoelectric cooling system 168.It comprises a solar collector 130, a solar-powered cold store 169, aheat storage unit 127, a thermoelectric generator 32, and anelectrically powered solid state chiller 171. The solid state chiller isa generator of type 32 configured as device 147. It is operated as achiller by moving heat from a cold store 169 enclosed in insulation andcase 170 and thereby providing refrigeration through pumps 173 torefrigeration appliances. Gas circulation between chiller and cold storeis caused to circulate chilled gas by motor driven blower 173 pumpinggas or air between the chiller unit and the cold store. A solid statechiller 171 is made from a thermoelectric generator 32 by provision ofDC electrical current from thermoelectric generator 32 to circulate inring 7 of FIG. 4. The current circulation drags with it heat from oneset of fins to another set depending on the direction of the DCelectrical current. FIG. 33 illustrates various ways a cold store may beused to operate different appliances by circulating chilled air or gasin a closed loop with individual valves 172. Refrigeration can beaccomplished using chilled gas-to-gas, chilled liquid-togas and chilledvas-to-liquid heat exchangers not shown. Appliances such as airconditioner 174, fresh water from brine by ice making machine 175,atmospheric water harvesting machine 176, refrigerator 177, and freezingmachine 173, are examples. Heat removed from a cold store 169 can bedrawn out at night when electrical loads on the thermoelectric generatorare low. The cold store can be operated daytime or nighttime for airconditioning, refrigeration, and freezing when electric generatorloading is high. The purpose of the cold store system 168 is a sheddingof generator electrical loading during daytime when electric loads arehigh, shifting loads to the nighttime to balance generator electricalloading around the clock. Load balancing allows the use of a muchsmaller electric generator than would otherwise be required without acold store system 168. In another preferred embodiment chiller 171 is anabsorption chiller where electrical energy from the thermoelectricgenerator drives the chiller through resistance heating the same manneras the absorption chiller would operate from electrical grid source.

FIG. 34 illustrates a device 179 that allows a simple conversion of astandard thermoelectric generator 32 to operate as a chiller. Cold store169 is cooled through fins 4 as a closed gas system using plenum 180. DCvoltage is applied through upconverter 36 operated as a down-converter.Chilled gas from cold store 169 is drawn in through tube 181, passesover fins 4, through plenum 180 and exits tube 182 returning lowertemperature gas 183 to cold store 169 in FIG. 33 as a closed system.Heat produced on fins 3 of the chiller device is expelled by ambient airby motor 34 and blower 33 passing ambient air over fins 3 exhaustingheat below the chiller through outlet 27.

FIG. 35 illustrates another conversion method to make a chiller 184 froma thermoelectric generator. A standard thermoelectric generator 32 isoperated as a chiller in the same manner as chiller device 179 namelyproviding DC current to the ring. This chiller operates to draw chilledgas from cold store 169 through tube 181, the gas passing over fins 4,through insulated dome 185 through exhaust tube 182 and returned at alower temperature to cold store 169 as a closed system. A fan, notshown, is used to circulate air through chiller and cold store as aclosed system. Heat from the chiller produced at fins 3 is expelled byambient air driven by motor 34 and blower 33 passing this air over fins3 exhausting to ambient below the chiller through outlet 27. In apreferred embodiment a defective or damaged thermoelectric generatorhaving a damaged or failed coupon is converted to a thermoelectricchiller by welding or brazing a current bypass around the failed coupon.

FIG. 36 illustrates a solar powered fanjet engine 186 for air transport.A fanjet aircraft engine 187 is modified to operate with a solar heatedmass of ceramic fragments 188, with very high specific heat. Byoperating the insulated container 189 between 400° C. and 1,000° C., theenergy volume of the store is the same as that of JP-4 fuel. The storecan be charged by closed loop air circulation between the store 188 thatpowers the fanjet and a much larger store that is solar charged andlocated near the boarding ramp. In use, bleed air 190 from the engine,is further heated by a pass through the heat store 188 and isturbo-injected by turbo-pump 191 through transfer system 192 into thelast compressor stage 193 to produced engine thrust 194. The injectedheated bleed air exhausting 193, mixes with air coming out of theengine's compressor 195, producing the same expansion as if fuel werecombusted with compressor stage air. Detailed calculations indicate thatsolar heated air from an insulated onboard heat store 188, 189 canexactly substitute for the heat of fuel combustion to produce the sameor greater engine thrust 194 as the same volume of JP-4 fuel. Heated gascirculated through the heat store can also power a thermoelectricgenerator 197 to electrically drive the bypass fan 196, the engine'scompressor stage 195, and an electric turbo-pump 191. The turbo-pumpmoves heated bleed air from one bleed stage 190, through the heat store188, and injects back into the compressor stage 193 near the combustionsection 198. System 186 substitutes hot air derived from the sun for jetfuel that is normally used for flight. FIG. 36, 186 illustrates atheoretical propulsion engine 187 immersed in a uniform flow fieldassociated with jet-propulsion engines. An insulated ceramic fragmentheat store 188, 189 and transfer system 192 retrofits a standardturbofan engine 187. The heat stored in the insulated container 189,located within the aircraft's baggage hold, is utilized for reheatingapproximately 25% bleed air from the compressor stage 195 to an outlettemperature of 1000° C. This heated bleed air is turbo-pumped 191 backinto the fanjet engine 187 into the last compressor stage 193 justbefore combustion chamber 198. Heated, compressed air is injected intothe engine, mixing with compressor air flowing through the engine torealize a combined temperature after mixing near that of combusted JP-4.The basic difference in operating principles of a ceramic fragmentheated transfer system and that of a JP-4 combustion-heated engine gasis the substitution of compressed, ceramic-heated air to create thrust.The engine's compressor and fan stage can be spun more efficiently usingelectric motor 199 for power. In normal JP-4 fuel operation, 25% of thegas exiting the tailpipe is combustion product. With hot air operation,roughly 25% of gas passing through the compressor stage is heated byceramic heat store, then used to expand the remaining compressor air.Part of this expansion normally powers the compressor and bypass fan,which creates engine thrust. Because the temperature of the mixture iscarefully controlled, the 10% bleed of compressor air normally neededfor hot stage turbine cooling is not necessary. Another advantage ofusing the heat store is the ability to operate a thermal-to-electricsystem 197. This system is capable of electrically powering the fan andcompressor shaft using stored heat and motor 199. An electric poweredturbo-compressor 191 removes air from the heat store then pumps theheated air back into the engine. Because up to 400-hp of electric poweris available using the thermoelectric generator 197, electrical energycan be used as needed to push hot air to a location near the combustionchamber. Excess electrical power can be used to drive the turbine engineas a hybrid. An electric motor 199, mounted at the front of engine 187can help to drive both the compressor section 195 and the bypass fan196, powered by thermoelectric generator 197 through electric bus 200.The effect of driving the bypass fan and compressor stage of the turbineis a marked increase in engine thrust 194 due to the increased velocityof the exhaust jet. With this engine conversion, the aircraft will havezero combustion noise operating on heated air. There will be nocontrails in the upper atmosphere contributing to Global Dimming. Therewill be no carbon emissions contributing to Global Warming.

In another preferred embodiment a thermoelectric generator can be madeinto a thermoelectric chiller by putting DC current across theinsulator. When this is clone one set of fins gets hotter and the otherset gets colder depending on the polarity of the DC input. By enclosingeach set of fins in a closed chamber one of these chambers can be usedto chill fluid, air, or gas, while the other chamber can be used to heatfluid, air or gas. Such an arrangement can be used for desalination inan energy efficient system that freezes pure water from salt water orbrine. The heat of fusion in the melting of ice is the major use ofelectrical energy. This energy is conserved when the energy is used tothaw ice contributing to the freezing of salt water in the separation offresh water from seawater.

In another preferred embodiment a two chamber chiller thermoelectricdevice is fitted with two closed chambers to operate as a water freezingdesalinization system. Both chambers are fitted with inflow and outflowlines which each have flow switches to send or receive water from afresh water harvesting reservoir and a salt water reservoir. Initiallyone chamber is filled with fresh water and the other with salt water bypumping solution from one or the other sources. Then the chiller isenergized with electrical current to cause water to freeze in the saltwater chamber. As freezing takes place salt water at ambient temperatureis flushed through the chamber being heated. After a considerable amountof ice forms in the freezing chamber excess salt-enriched fluid isflushed to waste and the residual ice rinsed with a small amount offresh water. Then the ice containing chamber is filled with fresh waterand ambient temperature salt water fills the other chamber. The secondcycle reverses the freezing action such that ice forms in the chamberthat was previously heating ambient temperature flushed salt water. Atthe same time heat being supplied to the other chamber now causes theice to melt. Because the temperature in the ice melting chamber staysnear zero degrees the temperature of the solution in the other chamberbecomes much lower than that utilized in the original cycle. When allthe ice has been melted that was frozen in the first cycle the processused for the second cycle is repeated, except that this time the freshwater originally formed as ice is emptied to a fresh water reservoirbefore being replaced by more salt water. The chamber that had iceformed is emptied of concentrated salt water and rinsed with a smallamount of fresh water then surrounded with more fresh water. At thisstage electrical current is again reversed and the system is set forrepeated cycles of freezing ice in one chamber and melting previouslyfrozen ice in the other chamber.

In another preferred embodiment salt water is converted into fresh waterby using gas circulated from a cold store to freeze ice in a continuousprocess. Chilled gas is circulated from the cold store 169 of FIG. 33through a hollow rotating disk that is half immersed in a constant levelbath of stirred seawater, the chilled gas returned after circulating inthe hollow disk to the cold store as a closed system. Fresh water icefreezes on the chilled disk surface after which it is removed withscrapers as the disk rotates to just before re-entering the bath. Thesurface of ice on the disk is slightly melted by a small heater justafter rotating out of the bath, the melt water running downward rinsingsaltwater off the ice, leaving the remaining ice on the disk salt-free.The ice is removed from the disk before entering the brine bath again byscrapers along side the chilled disk to break the ice off the disk. Thebroken pieces of ice slide down a chute through a flap door to theoutside of an insulated enclosure. This invention produces fresh ice andfresh ice water on a continuous basis. Ice in melt water is used tointerchange heat with incoming saltwater supply pipe before entering thefreezing tank thereby reducing incoming saltwater supply temperature. Acontrolled chilled saltwater overflow is used to chili the saltwater tobe frozen in the tank wasting no more low system heat than necessary.This is done by melting the frozen ice, by heat exchange with incomingbrine, thereby reusing the latent heat of fusion of the ice to draw heatfrom incoming brine before entering the brine freezing tank. This devicecan produce a thousand gallons and more of fresh water from ice-melt perday using a chiller having 62 coupons. Broken ice pieces from the diskcan also be pressed into block ice for use in food storage iceboxes.This device can also be operated by mechanical refrigeration, a solidstate chiller directly, or by using the cold store of FIG. 33 operatedby a solid state chiller. The machine can be used to operate thesaltwater-to-fresh-water process on a continuous basis using a chiller32 or 153 with or without a cold store 167 and electricity from a solarpowered heat store FIG. 25.

Thus having described the method of manufacture of components, theassembly of components, an efficient means to extract energy produced bya temperature differential, a means to store and use heat in a closedsystem, a means to store and use a cold store in a closed system, ameans to improve the overall efficiency of converting heat toelectricity by combining said thermoelectric device with a chiller andby having given a variety of examples as to how to combine saidthermoelectric with solid state chiller and other components to providea broad range of useful products,

We claim:
 1. A thermoelectrically powered vehicle comprising: a. athermoelectric device having n-type and p-type Seebeck components thatincludes: i. a plurality of coupons soldered in registry in a circle andseparated by a single insulator, each coupon comprising a metallic hotfin an adjacent p-type semiconductor, on the opposite side from thep-type semiconductor of said hot fin an n-type semiconductor andconsistently adjacent to either said n-type or p-type semiconductor ametallic cold fin the components of said coupons being soldered togetherin the region of contact; ii. a means for heating said hot fins; iii. amake-before-brake high frequency switching means placed across saidinsulator to remove electrical energy generated from said circle ofcoupons when heat is applied to said hot fins; and iv. a means forholding said plurality of coupons in compression; and b. at least oneelectric motor for powering operation of said vehicle, said electricmotor being: i. coupled to said closed circuit thermoelectric device;and ii. energized for driving the vehicle by electrical energy removedfrom said circle of coupons.
 2. The thermoelectrically powered vehicleof claim 1 wherein said vehicle is retrofitted with said thermoelectricgenerator and said electric motor.
 3. The thermoelectrically poweredvehicle of claim 1 wherein said vehicle further includes a trailer thatcarries said thermoelectric generator and said electric motor driveswheels of said trailer.
 4. The thermoelectrically powered vehicle ofclaim 1 wherein said vehicle further includes a trailer that carries aheat store for supplying heat to the hot fins of said thermoelectricgenerator.
 5. The thermoelectrically powered vehicle of claim 1 whereinsaid thermoelectric generator includes a 3-phase output arrangement forenergizing operation of said electric motor.
 6. The thermoelectricallypowered vehicle of claim 1 wherein said hot fins are heated by thermalenergy drawn from a heat store, and the thermoelectrically poweredvehicle further comprises: c. an auxiliary thermoelectric device havingn-type and p-type Seebeck components that includes: i. a plurality ofcoupons soldered in registry in a circle and separated by a singleinsulator, each coupon comprising a metallic hot fin an adjacent p-typesemiconductor, on the opposite side from the p-type semiconductor ofsaid hot fin an n-type semiconductor and consistently adjacent to eithersaid n-type or p-type semiconductor a metallic cold fin the componentsof said coupons being soldered together in the region of contact; ii.said hot fins are heated by burning a fuel; iii. a make-before-brakehigh frequency switching means placed across said insulator to removeelectrical energy generated from said circle of coupons when heat isapplied to said hot fins; and iv. a means for holding said plurality ofcoupons in compression.